Vespel 是杜邦公司生产的一系列耐用高性能聚酰亚胺基塑料的商标。

特点和应用
Vespel 主要用于航空航天、半导体和运输技术。它结合了耐热性、润滑性、尺寸稳定性、耐化学性和抗蠕变性,可用于恶劣和 的环境条件。
与大多数塑料不同,即使在高温下也不会产生明显的释气,这使得它可用于轻质隔热罩和坩埚支撑。它在真空应用中也表现良好,低至极低的低温。然而,Vespel 往往会吸收少量的水,从而导致放置在真空中的泵时间更长。

尽管在这些特性中,有些聚合物都超过了聚酰亚胺,但它们的结合是 Vespel 的主要优势。

热物理性质
Vespel 通常用作测试热绝缘体的导热性参考材料,因为它具有高再现性和热物理性能的一致性。例如,它可以承受高达 300 °C 的反复加热,而不会改变其热性能和机械性能。已经发布了大量测量的热扩散率、比热容和推导密度的表格,这些表格都是温度的函数。
磁性
Vespel 用于 NMR 波谱的高分辨率探针,因为它的体积磁化率(Vespel SP-1 在 21.8 °C 时为 -9.02 ± 0.25×10?6[5])接近室温下的水(20 °C 时为 -9.03×10?6 [6]) 负值表示两种物质都是抗磁性的.将NMR样品周围材料的体积磁化率与溶剂的体积磁化率相匹配,可以减少磁共振线的磁化率展宽。
制造应用加工
Vespel 可以通过直接成型 (DF) 和等静压成型(基本形状 - 板材、棒材和管材)进行加工。对于原型数量,通常使用基本形状以提高成本效益,因为 DF 零件的工具成本相当高。对于大规模的CNC生产,DF零件通常用于降低每个零件的成本,而牺牲的材料性能不如等静压生产的基本形状。
类型
对于不同的应用,特殊配方被混合/复合。形状由三个标准过程生成:
压缩成型(用于板材和环);
等静压成型(棒材用);和
直接成型(用于大批量生产的小尺寸零件)。
与从压缩成型或等静压形状加工而成的零件相比,直接成型零件的性能特征较低。等静压形状具有各向同性的物理性质,而直接成型和压缩成型的形状表现出各向异性的物理性质。


Vespel is the trademark of a range of durable high-performance polyimide-based plastics made by DuPont.[1][2]

Characteristics and applications
[edit]
Vespel is mostly used in aerospace, semiconductor, and transportation technology. It combines heat resistance, lubricity, dimensional stability, chemical resistance, and creep resistance, and can be used in hostile and extreme environmental conditions.

Unlike most plastics,[3] it does not produce significant outgassing even at high temperatures, which makes it useful for lightweight heat shields and crucible support. It also performs well in vacuum applications,[4] down to extremely low cryogenic temperatures. However, Vespel tends to absorb a small amount of water, resulting in longer pump time while placed in a vacuum.

Although there are polymers surpassing polyimide in each of these properties, the combination of them is the main advantage of Vespel.

Thermophysical properties
[edit]
Vespel is commonly used as a thermal conductivity reference material for testing thermal insulators, because of high reproducibility and consistency of its thermophysical properties. For example, it can withstand repeated heating up to 300 °C without altering its thermal and mechanical properties.[citation needed] Extensive tables of measured thermal diffusivity, specific heat capacity, and derived density, all as functions of temperature, have been published.[citation needed]

Magnetic properties
[edit]
Vespel is used in high-resolution probes for NMR spectroscopy because its volume magnetic susceptibility (?9.02 ± 0.25×10?6 for Vespel SP-1 at 21.8 °C[5]) is close to that of water at room temperature (?9.03×10?6 at 20 °C [6]) Negative values indicate that both substances are diamagnetic. Matching volume magnetic susceptibilities of materials surrounding NMR sample to that of the solvent can reduce susceptibility broadening of magnetic resonance lines.

Processing for manufacturing applications
[edit]
Vespel can be processed by direct forming (DF) and isostatic molding (basic shapes – plates, rods and tubes). For prototype quantities, basic shapes are typically used for cost efficiency since tooling is quite expensive for DF parts. For large scale CNC production, DF parts are often used to reduce per part costs, at the expense of material properties which are inferior to those of isostatically produced basic shapes.[7]

Types
[edit]
For different applications, special formulations are blended/compounded. Shapes are produced by three standard processes:

compression molding (for plates and rings);
isostatic molding (for rods); and
direct forming (for small size parts produced in large volumes).
Direct-formed parts have lower performance characteristics than parts that have been machined from compression-molded or isostatic shapes. Isostatic shapes have isotropic physical properties, whereas direct formed and compression molded shapes exhibit anisotropic physical properties.

Some examples of standard polyimide compounds are:

SP-1 virgin polyimideprovides operating temperatures from cryogenic to 300 °C (570 °F), high plasma resistance, as well as a UL rating for minimal electrical and thermal conductivity. This is the unfilled base polyimide resin. It also provides high physical strength and maximal elongation, and the best electrical and thermal insulation values. Example: Vespel SP-1.15% graphite by weight, SP-21added to the base resin for increased wear resistance and reduced friction in applications such as plain bearings, thrust washers, seal rings, slide blocks and other wear applications. This compound has the best mechanical properties of the graphite-filled grades, but lower than the virgin grade. Example: Vespel SP-21.40% graphite by weight, SP-22for enhanced wear resistance, lower friction, improved dimensional stability (low coefficient of thermal expansion), and stability against oxidation. Example: Vespel SP-22.10% PTFE and 15% graphite by weight, SP-211added to the base resin for the lowest coefficient of friction over a wide range of operating conditions. It also has excellent wear resistance up to 149 °C (300 °F). Typical applications include sliding or linear bearings as well as many wear and friction uses listed above. Example: Vespel SP-211.15% moly-filled (molybdenum disulfide solid lubricant), SP-3for wear and friction resistance in vacuum and other moisture-free environments where graphite actually becomes abrasive. Typical applications include seals, plain bearings, gears, and other wear surfaces in outer space, ultra-high vacuum or dry gas applications. Example: Vespel SP-3.
Material properties data
[edit]
Material properties of Vespel[8] (produced by isostatic molding and machining)
Property Units Test
condition SP-1
(unfilled) SP-21
(15% graphite) SP-22
(40% graphite) SP-211
(10% PTFE,
15% graphite) SP-3
(15% MoS
2)
Specific gravity dimensionless 1.43 1.51 1.65 1.55 1.60
Thermal expansion
coefficient 10?6/K 211–296 K 45 34 27 [9]
296–573 K 54 49 38 54 52
Thermal conductivity W/mK at 313 K 0.35 0.87 1.73 0.76 0.47
Volume resistivity Ω·m at 296 K 1014–1015 1012–1013
Dielectric constant dimensionless at 100 Hz 3.62 13.53
at 10 kHz 3.64 13.28
at 1 MHz 3.55 13.87